governmental-function theory. Constitutional law. A principle by which private conduct is characterized as state action, esp. for due-process and equal-protection purposes, when a private party is exercising a public function. • Under this theory, for example, a political party (which is a private entity) cannot exclude voters from primary elections on the basis of race. […]
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governmental functions 〈美〉政府职能 政府机关为公众利益由宪法、法律或其它法律明示或默示授权或委托行使的职能。一般而言，政府机关免除其政府行为〔governmental acts〕的侵权责任。它也可称作governmental act; governmental activity。 (→proprietary functions)
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Torts. A government agency’s conduct that is expressly or impliedly mandated or au-thorized by constitution, statute, or other law and that is carried out for the benefit of the general public. • Generally, a governmental entity is immune from tort liability for governmental acts. — Also termed governmental act; governmental activity. See PUBLIC-FUNCTION TEST. Cf.
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governmental function. Torts. A government agency’s conduct that is expressly or impliedly mandated or au-thorized by constitution, statute, or other law and that is carried out for the benefit of the general public. • Generally, a governmental entity is immune from tort liability for governmental acts. — Also termed governmental act; governmental activity. See PUBLIC-FUNCTION
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governmental activity 〈美〉政府行为 政府为维持自己或为公众提供服务而行使的职能，如征税。总体而言，当市政法人〔municipality〕为州的整体利益或履行国家主权所赋予的职责而采取的行为，也为公共行为或政府行为。 (→governmental act; governmental functions)
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governmental duties 〈美〉政府职责 市政当局为公众的利益而行使的职责，这种职责在某种程度上与国家主权有关。宪法制定者要求每个联邦成员履行此项职责，以便在宪法保证的体制下充分发挥政府的作用。 (→governmental functions)
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proprietary functions 〈美〉经济职能 市、镇当局为市民的利益而行使的职能。与政府职能不同，行使「经济职能」的目的，是为提高市民的生活水平，改善市民的生活质量。 (→governmental duties; governmental functions)
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governmental act 〈美〉政府行为 联邦、州或地方政府为了公共利益，行使治安权〔police power〕或被授予的宪法、立法、行政和司法权力而作出的行为。 (→governmental activity; governmental functions)
proprietary function. Torts. A municipality’s conduct that is performed for the profit or benefit of the municipality, rather than for the benefit of the general public. • Generally, a municipality is not immune from tort liability for proprietary acts. But the distinction between proprietary and governmental functions has been abrogated by statute in many states.
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The capacity of a city or town when it engages in a business-like venture rather than a governmental function. See PROPRIETARY FUNCTION. [Cases: Municipal Corporations 57. C.J.S. Mu-nicipal Corporations §§ 104, 106, 108, 110–115, 117–118, 122, 137–138, 143, 145–146.]
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